Alacritty, un emulator de terminal simplu si rapid

Emulatorul de terminal este una dintre cele mai interesante aplicatii pe sistemele GNU/Linux. O parte din utilizatori nu doresc sa afle nimic despre terminal, dar exista si utilizatori care vad in emulatorul de terminal unul dintre cele mai eficiente instrumente pentru a indeplini un numar mare de sarcini. Sunt foarte multi emulatori de terminal pe care ii puteti folosi, dar in acest articol va voi scrie despre alacritty.

Alacritty este un emulator de terminal care se concentreaza pe simplitate si performanta. Valorile implicite nu necesita configurare suplimentara pentru majoritatea utilizatorilor, desi permite configurarea multor aspecte ale terminalului prin fisierul sau de configurare. Viteza acestui emulator  se bazeaza pe GPU-ul calculatorului pentru sarcini ceva mai complexe.

Carcateristici:
- mod vi - va permite sa va deplasati folosind legaturile editorului vi. Puteti lansa modul vi folosind combinatia de taste Ctrl+Shift+Space
- puteti configura miscarile cursorului
- cautati orice text din memoria tampon
- marcati orice text pentru interactiunea cu mouse-ul sau tasatura
- puteti deschide adrese URL cu mouse-ul facand clic pe ele

Instalare:
Unele distributii Linux au inclus binare pentru alacritty in depozit sau il puteti instala folosind urmatoarele comenzi:
***Ubuntu
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mmstick76/alacritty
$ sudo apt install alacritty

***Arch Linux, Manjaro
$ sudo pacman -S alacritty

***Fedora Linux
$ sudo dnf copr enable pschyska/alacritty
$ sudo dnf install alacritty

***cu ajutorul lui SNAP
$ sudo snap install alacritty --classic

***NixOS
$ nix-env -iA nixos.alacritty

Pentru alte distributii puteti instala alacritty din sursa urmand instructiunile:
1. instalati limbajul de programare Rust
$ sudo curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh

2. instalati biblioteci suplimentare
***Ubuntu, Debian
$ sudo apt install cmake libfreetype6-dev libfontconfig1-dev xclip

***RHEL
$ sudo yum install cmake freetype-devel fontconfig-devel xclip
$ sudo yum group install "Development Tools"

***Fedora
$ sudo dnf install cmake freetype-devel fontconfig-devel xclip

***Arch Linux, Manjaro
$ sudo pacman -S cmake freetype2 fontconfig pkg-config make xclip

***openSUSE
$ sudo zypper install cmake freetype-devel fontconfig-devel xclip

3. clonati codul sursa si compilati-l
$ cd Downloads
$ git clone https://github.com/jwilm/alacritty.git
$ cd alacritty
$ cargo build --release

4. copiati fisierul binar in /usr/local/bin si adaugati aplicatia in meniul sistemului
$ sudo cp target/release/alacritty /usr/local/bin
$ sudo cp Alacritty.desktop ~/.local/share/applications
5. instalati manualul
$ sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
$ gzip -c extra/alacritty.man | sudo tee /usr/local/share/man/man1/alacritty.1.gz > /dev/null

Alacritty se poate personaliza dupa bunul plac prin crearea unui fisier de configurare cu extensia .yml. Alacritty nu creeaza fisierul de configurare in mod implicit dar il puteti crea urmand pasii:
1. creati fisierul de configurare alacritty.yml
$ nano ~/.config/alacritty/alacritty.yml

2. introduceti in fisierul deschis randurile de mai jos

# Configuration for Alacritty, the GPU enhanced terminal emulator # Any items in the `env` entry below will be added as # environment variables. Some entries may override variables # set by alacritty it self. env: # TERM env customization. # # If this property is not set, alacritty will set it to xterm-256color. # # Note that some xterm terminfo databases don't declare support for italics. # You can verify this by checking for the presence of `smso` and `sitm` in # `infocmp xterm-256color`. TERM: xterm-256color # Window dimensions in character columns and lines # (changes require restart) dimensions: columns: 80 lines: 24 # Adds this many blank pixels of padding around the window # Units are physical pixels; this is not DPI aware. # (change requires restart) padding: x: 2 y: 2 # The FreeType rasterizer needs to know the device DPI for best results # (changes require restart) dpi: x: 96.0 y: 96.0 # Display tabs using this many cells (changes require restart) tabspaces: 4 # When true, bold text is drawn using the bright variant of colors. draw_bold_text_with_bright_colors: true # Font configuration (changes require restart) font: # The normal (roman) font face to use. normal: family: monospace # should be "Menlo" or something on macOS. # Style can be specified to pick a specific face. # style: Regular # The bold font face bold: family: monospace # should be "Menlo" or something on macOS. # Style can be specified to pick a specific face. # style: Bold # The italic font face italic: family: monospace # should be "Menlo" or something on macOS. # Style can be specified to pick a specific face. # style: Italic # Point size of the font size: 11.0 # Offset is the extra space around each character. offset.y can be thought of # as modifying the linespacing, and offset.x as modifying the letter spacing. offset: x: 0.0 y: 0.0 # Glyph offset determines the locations of the glyphs within their cells with # the default being at the bottom. Increase the x offset to move the glyph to # the right, increase the y offset to move the glyph upward. glyph_offset: x: 0.0 y: 0.0 # OS X only: use thin stroke font rendering. Thin strokes are suitable # for retina displays, but for non-retina you probably want this set to # false. use_thin_strokes: true # Should display the render timer render_timer: false # Use custom cursor colors. If true, display the cursor in the cursor.foreground # and cursor.background colors, otherwise invert the colors of the cursor. custom_cursor_colors: false # Colors (Tomorrow Night Bright) colors: # Default colors primary: background: '0x000000' foreground: '0xeaeaea' # Colors the cursor will use if `custom_cursor_colors` is true cursor: text: '0x000000' cursor: '0xffffff' # Normal colors normal: black: '0x000000' red: '0xd54e53' green: '0xb9ca4a' yellow: '0xe6c547' blue: '0x7aa6da' magenta: '0xc397d8' cyan: '0x70c0ba' white: '0xffffff' # Bright colors bright: black: '0x666666' red: '0xff3334' green: '0x9ec400' yellow: '0xe7c547' blue: '0x7aa6da' magenta: '0xb77ee0' cyan: '0x54ced6' white: '0xffffff' # Dim colors (Optional) dim: black: '0x333333' red: '0xf2777a' green: '0x99cc99' yellow: '0xffcc66' blue: '0x6699cc' magenta: '0xcc99cc' cyan: '0x66cccc' white: '0xdddddd' # Visual Bell # # Any time the BEL code is received, Alacritty "rings" the visual bell. Once # rung, the terminal background will be set to white and transition back to the # default background color. You can control the rate of this transition by # setting the `duration` property (represented in milliseconds). You can also # configure the transition function by setting the `animation` property. # # Possible values for `animation` # `Ease` # `EaseOut` # `EaseOutSine` # `EaseOutQuad` # `EaseOutCubic` # `EaseOutQuart` # `EaseOutQuint` # `EaseOutExpo` # `EaseOutCirc` # `Linear` # # To completely disable the visual bell, set its duration to 0. # visual_bell: animation: EaseOutExpo duration: 0 # Background opacity background_opacity: 0.75 # Key bindings # # Each binding is defined as an object with some properties. Most of the # properties are optional. All of the alphabetical keys should have a letter for # the `key` value such as `V`. Function keys are probably what you would expect # as well (F1, F2, ..). The number keys above the main keyboard are encoded as # `Key1`, `Key2`, etc. Keys on the number pad are encoded `Number1`, `Number2`, # etc. These all match the glutin::VirtualKeyCode variants. # # Possible values for `mods` # `Command`, `Super` refer to the super/command/windows key # `Control` for the control key # `Shift` for the Shift key # `Alt` and `Option` refer to alt/option # # mods may be combined with a `|`. For example, requiring control and shift # looks like: # # mods: Control|Shift # # The parser is currently quite sensitive to whitespace and capitalization - # capitalization must match exactly, and piped items must not have whitespace # around them. # # Either an `action`, `chars`, or `command` field must be present. # `action` must be one of `Paste`, `PasteSelection`, `Copy`, or `Quit`. # `chars` writes the specified string every time that binding is activated. # These should generally be escape sequences, but they can be configured to # send arbitrary strings of bytes. # `command` must be a map containing a `program` string, and `args` array of # strings. For example: # - { ... , command: { program: "alacritty", args: ["-e", "vttest"] } } # # Want to add a binding (e.g. "PageUp") but are unsure what the X sequence # (e.g. "\x1b[5~") is? Open another terminal (like xterm) without tmux, # then run `showkey -a` to get the sequence associated to a key combination. key_bindings: - { key: V, mods: Control|Shift, action: Paste } - { key: C, mods: Control|Shift, action: Copy } - { key: Q, mods: Command, action: Quit } - { key: W, mods: Command, action: Quit } - { key: Insert, mods: Shift, action: PasteSelection } - { key: Home, chars: "\x1bOH", mode: AppCursor } - { key: Home, chars: "\x1b[H", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: End, chars: "\x1bOF", mode: AppCursor } - { key: End, chars: "\x1b[F", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: PageUp, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[5;2~" } - { key: PageUp, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[5;5~" } - { key: PageUp, chars: "\x1b[5~" } - { key: PageDown, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[6;2~" } - { key: PageDown, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[6;5~" } - { key: PageDown, chars: "\x1b[6~" } - { key: Left, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[1;2D" } - { key: Left, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[1;5D" } - { key: Left, mods: Alt, chars: "\x1b[1;3D" } - { key: Left, chars: "\x1b[D", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: Left, chars: "\x1bOD", mode: AppCursor } - { key: Right, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[1;2C" } - { key: Right, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[1;5C" } - { key: Right, mods: Alt, chars: "\x1b[1;3C" } - { key: Right, chars: "\x1b[C", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: Right, chars: "\x1bOC", mode: AppCursor } - { key: Up, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[1;2A" } - { key: Up, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[1;5A" } - { key: Up, mods: Alt, chars: "\x1b[1;3A" } - { key: Up, chars: "\x1b[A", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: Up, chars: "\x1bOA", mode: AppCursor } - { key: Down, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[1;2B" } - { key: Down, mods: Control, chars: "\x1b[1;5B" } - { key: Down, mods: Alt, chars: "\x1b[1;3B" } - { key: Down, chars: "\x1b[B", mode: ~AppCursor } - { key: Down, chars: "\x1bOB", mode: AppCursor } - { key: Tab, mods: Shift, chars: "\x1b[Z" } - { key: F1, chars: "\x1bOP" } - { key: F2, chars: "\x1bOQ" } - { key: F3, chars: "\x1bOR" } - { key: F4, chars: "\x1bOS" } - { key: F5, chars: "\x1b[15~" } - { key: F6, chars: "\x1b[17~" } - { key: F7, chars: "\x1b[18~" } - { key: F8, chars: "\x1b[19~" } - { key: F9, chars: "\x1b[20~" } - { key: F10, chars: "\x1b[21~" } - { key: F11, chars: "\x1b[23~" } - { key: F12, chars: "\x1b[24~" } - { key: Back, chars: "\x7f" } - { key: Back, mods: Alt, chars: "\x1b\x7f" } - { key: Insert, chars: "\x1b[2~" } - { key: Delete, chars: "\x1b[3~" } # Mouse bindings # # Currently doesn't support modifiers. Both the `mouse` and `action` fields must # be specified. # # Values for `mouse`: # - Middle # - Left # - Right # - Numeric identifier such as `5` # # Values for `action`: # - Paste # - PasteSelection # - Copy (TODO) mouse_bindings: - { mouse: Middle, action: PasteSelection } mouse: double_click: { threshold: 300 } triple_click: { threshold: 300 } selection: semantic_escape_chars: ",│`|:\"' ()[]{}<>" hide_cursor_when_typing: false # Live config reload (changes require restart) live_config_reload: true 

 3. salvati fisierul

Instalarea si aplicarea unei teme pentru alacritty:
Dupa ce ati creat fisierul de configurare puteti sa configurati o tema pentru alacritty. Puteti face acest lucru in doua moduri: fie sa inlocuiti manual schema de culori pentru teme in fisierul alacritty.yml sau sa utilizati un instrument alacritty-themes, care vine preconfigurat cu peste 150 de teme.

Instalarea instrumentului se face introducand in linia de comanda urmatoarea comanda:
$ sudo npm i -g alacritty-themes

Pentru a aplica o tema emulatorului alacritty urmati pasii:
1. introduceti comanda pentru afisarea temelor
$ npx alacritty-themes

2. cu ajutorul tastelor sageti sus si jos derulati pana la tema dorita si apasati Enter pentru a aplica tema

Pentru a utiliza comenzi rapide de la tastaura accesati ebook-ul Alacritty - comenzi rapide de la tastatura.

Alacritty este un emulator de terminal axat pe viteza si performanta. De si poate fi utilizat zilnic fara probleme, ar putea sa contina mai multe functii. Daca v-a placut articolul distribuiti-l pe retelele sociale sau scrieti in caseta de comentarii intrebarile si sugestiile dumneavoastra, deoarece ma va ajuta sa imbunatatesc sau sa corectez continutul.